According to a comprehensive analysis of cancer-related health outcomes and patterns from 1990-2016, there has been an increase over the past decade of lifestyle related cancers such as skin, colorectal, and lung cancers, as published in JAMA Oncology.
This is a comprehensive study to quantify health internationally conducted by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) as part of the Global Burden of Disease.
Researchers analysed 29 cancer groups which included prostate, breast, liver, pancreatic, colorectal, stomach, skin, and leukaemia, among other cancer groups to provide findings for 195 countries and territories by sex and age.
Lifestyle related cancers increased universally, but several cancers from infectious causes such as stomach and cervical cancers decreased from 2006-2016.
Estimates were analysed using Socio demographic Index based on rates of income, education, and fertility. This method is more comprehensive than historical developed vs developing nations framework. High Socio demographic index countries have high levels of income and education with low fertility. Countries with low SDI have low levels of education and income with high fertility.
Gaps of imbalance occur in cancer incidence and death persisting between low and high SDI countries. The cancer rate of incidence and death remain higher in high SDI countries, such as the odds of developing breast cancer which are the highest at 1 in 10 in high SDI countries – this falls to 1 in 50 in low SDI countries.
The fastest and largest increase in new cancer cases occurred in middle SDI countries. Low SDI country women are 4 times more likely to develop cervical cancer, and it was also the most common cause of cancer incidence and death in low SDI countries.
There were 17.2 million cancer cases in 2016 worldwide which is over a 28% increase in a decade.
2016 also recorded 8.9 million cancer deaths. Cancer death rates decreased in the majority of countries but the incidence rate increased from 2006-2016 . Breast cancer was the leading cause of cancer death for women, with lung cancer being the leading cause of cancer death for men. Lung cancer was the leading cause of global cancer mortality representing 20% of all cancer deaths in 2016. Prostate cancer was the most common cause of cancer incidence in men.
New Cases per 100,000 People (age-adjusted), 2016 Worst and Best countries and Global
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1. Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer: North Korea (56.9), Kenya (4.2), global (30.2)
2. Colon and rectum cancer: Netherlands (57.5), The Gambia (4.3), global (25.9)
3. Breast cancer: Luxembourg (61.8), Niger (5.8), global (24.1)
4. Non-melanoma skin cancer: Australia (300.4), Bangladesh (0.7), global (23.2)
5. Prostate cancer: Dominica (113.1), North Korea (2.4), global (22.1)
6. Stomach cancer: South Korea (44.5), Namibia (2.7), global (17.3)
7. Liver cancer: Mongolia (108.4), Morocco (1.9), global (14.6)
8. Other neoplasms: Malawi (39.6), Syria (2.6), global (10.9)
9. Cervical cancer: Somalia (34.0), Qatar (1.1), global (7.0)
10. Leukaemia: New Zealand (20.3), Zambia (2.0), global (6.8)
11. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Canada (21.2), Kyrgyzstan (1.5), global (6.7)
12. Bladder cancer: Lebanon (31.1), Nigeria (1.2), global (6.7)
13. Oesophageal cancer: Malawi (25.2), Syria (0.7), global (6.6)
14. Pancreatic cancer: Czech Republic (12.5), India (2.6), global (6.4)
15. Uterine cancer: Latvia (23.1), Bangladesh (0.8), global (6.0)
16. Lip and oral cavity cancer: Pakistan (22.1), Sao Tome and Principe (1.0), global (5.5)
17. Kidney cancer: Latvia (20.5), Nepal (1.0), global (5.0)
18. Brain and nervous system cancer: Iceland (20.8), Namibia (1.4), global (4.6)
19. Malignant skin melanoma: Australia (55.6), Nepal (0.2), global (4.1)
20. Ovarian cancer: Estonia (9.3), Niger (1.2), global (3.6)
21. Thyroid cancer: Iceland (18.7), Ghana (0.2), global (3.3)
22. Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer: Chile (11.5), Uzbekistan (0.6), global (2.8)
23. Larynx cancer: Cuba (8.8), The Gambia (0.6), global (2.7)
24. Other pharynx cancer: Hungary (7.3), Palestine (0.2), global (2.4)
25. Multiple myeloma: Barbados (6.3), Tajikistan (0.4), global (2.1)
26. Nasopharynx cancer: Malaysia (5.1), Mali (0.1), global (1.3)
27. Hodgkin lymphoma: Greece (5.3), Syria (0.1), global (1.0)
28. Testicular cancer: Chile (6.4), Mozambique (0.04), global (0.9)
29. Mesothelioma: United Kingdom (2.9), Palestine (0.1), global (0.5)
Deaths per 100,000 People (age-adjusted), 2016 Worst and Best countries and Global
1. Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer: North Korea (61.7), Egypt (4.8), global (25.8)
2. Colon and rectum cancer: Hungary (31.3), Sri Lanka (5.0), global (12.8)
3. Stomach cancer: Mongolia (44.0), Maldives (3.2), global (12.6)
4. Liver cancer: Mongolia (114.7), Morocco (2.0), global (12.1)
5. Breast cancer: Tonga (24.7), Oman (4.0), global (7.9)
6. Other neoplasms: Malawi (37.6), Syria (2.6), global (6.4)
7. Oesophageal cancer: Malawi (32.4), Syria (0.8), global (6.2)
8. Pancreatic cancer: Uruguay (12.8), Bangladesh (2.5), global (6.2)
9. Prostate cancer: Dominica (54.9), North Korea (1.9), global (6.1)
10. Leukaemia: Syria (15.3), Bangladesh (1.9), global (4.6)
11. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Grenada (11.0), Kyrgyzstan (1.4), global (3.6)
12. Cervical cancer: Zimbabwe (28.7), Syria (0.6), global (3.5)
13. Brain and nervous system cancer: Palestine (8.3), Japan (1.2), global (3.2)
14. Bladder cancer: Malawi (11.8), Albania (0.9), global (2.9)
15. Lip oral cavity cancer: Kiribati (14.6), Syria (0.6), global (2.6)
16. Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer: Chile (11.3), Uzbekistan (0.6), global (2.5)
17. Ovarian cancer: Lithuania (5.9), United Arab Emirates (0.9), global (2.4)
18. Kidney cancer: Czech Republic (7.1), Bangladesh (0.5), global (2.0)
19. Other pharynx cancer: India (6.1), Syria (0.2), global (1.7)
20. Larynx cancer: Cuba (5.3), Japan (0.4), global (1.6)
21. Multiple myeloma: Dominica (5.9), Tajikistan (0.4), global (1.5)
22. Uterine cancer: Grenada (5.4), Maldives (0.5), global (1.3)
23. Malignant skin melanoma: New Zealand (6.6), Bangladesh (0.2), global (0.9)
24. Nasopharynx cancer: Malaysia (3.7), Chile (0.1), global (0.9)
25. Non-melanoma skin cancer: Zimbabwe (4.5), Bangladesh (0.2) global (0.8)
26. Thyroid cancer: Zimbabwe (2.3), Syria (0.2), global (0.6)
27. Mesothelioma: United Kingdom (2.6), Palestine (0.1), global (0.5)
28. Hodgkin lymphoma: Afghanistan (2.2), Japan (0.1), global (0.4)
29. Testicular cancer: Kiribati (1.0), Maldives (0.02), global (0.1)
New Cancer Cases Per 100,000 People (age-adjusted) in 2016
HIGHEST RATES
1. Australia (743.8)
2. New Zealand (542.8)
3. United States (532.9)
4. Netherlands (477.3)
5. Luxembourg (455.4)
6. Iceland (455.0)
7. Norway (446.1)
8. United Kingdom (438.6)
9. Ireland (429.7)
10. Denmark (421.7)
LOWEST RATES
1. Syria (85.0)
2. Bhutan (86.0)
3. Algeria (86.7)
4. Nepal (90.7)
5. Oman (94.9)
6. Maldives (101.3)
7. Sri Lanka (101.6)
8. Niger (102.3)
9. Timor-Leste (105.9)
10. India (106.6)
Cancer Deaths Per 100,000 People (age-adjusted) in 2016
HIGHEST RATES
1.1. Mongolia (272.1)
2. Zimbabwe (245.8)
3. Dominica (203.1)
4. Hungary (202.7)
5. Grenada (201.0)
6. Uruguay (190.6)
7. Tonga (189.7)
8. North Korea (188.7)
9. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (183.1)
10. Croatia (180.2)
LOWEST RATES
1.1. Syria (67.4)
2. Algeria (67.5)
3. Oman (69.2)
4. Maldives (72.0)
5. Sri Lanka (74.7)
6. Bhutan (78.6)
7. Uzbekistan (80.6)
8. Nicaragua (80.9)
9. Morocco (81.0)
10. Qatar (81.6)
Materials provided by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.
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